Fortunately, this question has largely been answered, with field results speaking for themselves. The key for the utility engineer is to understand what the optimum investment will be to reach the reliability goals. As is often the case, it is not investing in the latest utility buzzword (smart grid, IEC 61850 or cybersecure SCADA) that will give you the greatest network performance improvements – these technologies have their place, but it is the prudent application of reliability technologies that will build your network performance and revenue, allowing for further intelligent investment of your returns to chase the final <20% of reliability the aforementioned buzzwords address.

Before we cover the technologies, let’s have a quick review of reliability targets. Whilst they are known by many names, the most common metrics are MAIFI (Momentary Average Interruption Frequency Index), SAIFI (System Average Interruption Frequency Index) and SAIDI (System Average Interruption Duration Index). Around the world, KPI’s for utilities are set based on these parameters, against which a utility is evaluated then rewarded or punished commensurate with performance.

As a general guiding principle, most Service Target Performance Incentive Schemes (STPIS) allow for some momentary interruptions, but the longer the interruption the bigger the punishment. Often there are exclusions for a reasonable level of momentary interruptions, which gives room for your key reliability technologies to operate.

Let’s assume a worst-case scenario as our starting point:

• Radial Feeders
• Bare Overhead Conductors
• No Pole-mounted switchgear
• A Substation Circuit Breaker for the full feeder (or multiple feeders)

Firstly, 80% of distribution feeder faults are transient. That is, they will cause a momentary fault, then disappear. Faults such as trees blowing up against lines, animals contacting lines, or conductor clashes in a high wind generally occur momentarily. However, if a substation circuit breaker is the only reliability device in service, it will detect this fault and trip, turning off the power for everyone, even though 80% of the time it could close again and restore the power. Using this principle of “reclosing” we can achieve a huge reliability improvement, as 80% of faults no longer lead to permanent outages.

This reclosing behaviour could be programmed into your substation circuit breaker, so that your substation breaker automatically recloses. This would successfully restore power 80% of the time, improving your reliability. It’s a great first step, but all the feeders leaving the substation would have a momentary interruption. Why don’t we add more circuit breakers that act on a smaller zone, and apply the same reclosing principle?

And so, we have the basic reclosing configuration of an overhead distribution network.

This configuration means that only customers directly connected to the faulted zone experience an outage. Most of the customers on this substation would see no issue in a fault, even 50% of the customers on the faulted feeder will see no issues. The reliability gains for this scheme alone vs the baseline is tremendous.

Of course, the protection engineering required to develop such a reclosing scheme is also very simple. Typically, with a 1 second trip time in the substation, a conservative Overcurrent grading margin between each subsequent breaker of 250ms would allow for 3 to 4 reclosers along each feeder, cutting the number of affected customers in a fault scenario by huge volumes. Again, following the Pareto Principle, 80% of your reliability and detection can be achieved using only simple functions such as Overcurrent and Earth Fault, leaving the other more complex, esoteric protection functions for the niche cases once you’ve achieved an 80% improvement in reliability.

For even further simple reliability gains where grading becomes an issue, more “Sectionalisers” (automatic non-protection line switches) can be added between reclosers or downstream of devices, allowing for further granular segmentation of the feeder lines.

Once these systems have been implemented, your reliability gains would mitigate 80% of faults, and localise fault reliability impacts largely to the geographic proximity of the fault location. To chase your final 20% on the way to the unattainable reliability perfection, further technologies such as network automation can be used. Figure 3 shows a great example of reliability gains per technology. While modern reclosing circuit breakers are capable of remarkable protection features, functions and automation, by simply applying Autoreclosers (such as the NOJA Power OSM Recloser system) to your feeders with correct Overcurrent/Earth Fault settings and a substation breaker grading well with them, you can achieve massive reliability improvements. In some nations, NOJA Power has seen their average interruption come down from 6 hours to around 15 minutes simply by adding modern reclosers with basic settings to the network.